Monsoon Season What It Is, Causes, and Hazards

Derived from mauism, the Arabic word for season, a monsoon often refers to a rainy season — but this only describes the weather a monsoon brings, not what a monsoon is. A monsoon is actually a seasonal shift in wind direction and pressure distribution that causes a change in precipitation. A Change in the Wind All winds blow as a result of pressure imbalances between two locations. In the case of monsoons, this pressure imbalance is created when temperatures across vast landmasses such as India and Asia, are significantly warmer or cooler than those over neighboring oceans. (Once the temperature conditions on the land and oceans change, the resultant pressure changes cause the winds to change.) These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways: bodies of water are more slow to heat up and cool down, while land both heats and cools quickly. Summer Monsoonal Winds Are Rain-Bearing During the summer months, sunlight heats the surfaces of both lands and oceans, but land temperatures rise more quickly due to a lower heat capacity. As the lands surface becomes warmer, the air above it expands and an area of low pressure develops. Meanwhile, the ocean remains at a lower temperature than the land and so the air above it retains a higher pressure. Since winds flow from areas of low to high pressure (due to the pressure gradient force), this deficit in pressure over the continent causes winds to blow in an ocean-to-land circulation (a sea breeze). As winds blow from the ocean to the land, moist air is brought inland. This is why summer monsoons cause so much rain. Monsoon season does not end as abruptly as it begins. While it takes time for the land to heat up, it also takes time for that land to cool in the fall. This makes monsoon season a time of rainfall that diminishes rather than stops. A Monsoons Dry Phase Occurs in Winter In the colder months, winds reverse and blow in a land-to-ocean circulation. As the land masses cool faster than the oceans, an excess in pressure builds over the continents causing the air over land to have higher pressure than that over the ocean. As a result, air over the land flows to the ocean. Even though monsoons have both rainy and dry phases, the word is rarely used when referring to the dry season. Beneficial, But Potentially Deadly Billions of people around the globe depend on monsoon rains for their yearly rainfall. In dry climates, monsoons are an important replenishment for life as water is brought back into drought-stricken zones of the world. But the monsoon cycle is a delicate balance. If rains start late, are too heavy, or not heavy enough, they can spell disaster for peoples livestock, crops, and lives. If rains dont start when theyre supposed to, it can lead to growing rainfall deficits, poor ground, and an increased risk of drought which reduces crop yields and produces famine. On the other hand, intense rainfall in these regions can cause massive flooding and mudslides, destruction of crops, and kill hundreds of people in floods. A History of Monsoon Studies The earliest explanation for monsoon development came in 1686 from the English astronomer and mathematician Edmond Halley. Halley is the man who first conceived the idea that differential heating of land and ocean caused these giant sea-breeze circulations. As with all scientific theories, these ideas have been expanded upon. Monsoon seasons can actually fail, bringing intense drought and famines to many parts of the world. From 1876 to 1879, India experienced such a monsoon failure. To study these droughts, the Indian Meteorological Service (IMS) was created. Later, Gilbert Walker, a British mathematician, began to study the effects of monsoons in India looking for patterns in climate data. He became convinced that there was a seasonal and directional reason for monsoon changes. According to the Climate Prediction Center, Sir Walker used the term ‘Southern Oscillation’ to describe the east-west seesaw effect of pressure changes in climate data. In the review of the climate records, Walker noticed that when pressure rises in the east, it usually falls in the west, and vice versa. Walker also found that Asian monsoon seasons were often linked to drought in Australia, Indonesia, India, and parts of Africa. Jacob Bjerknes, a Norwegian meteorologist, would later recognize that the circulation of winds, rain, and weather was part of a Pacific-wide air circulation pattern he called Walker circulation.

Effects Of The Industrial Revolution On America - 1908 Words

Effect of the Industrial Revolution in America As new resources and raw materials were found in the 1800’s, new inventions, such as, the telephone, Model-T Ford, and the light bulb were being made. Throughout the Industrial Revolution in America, many useful inventions were created and these changed the United States into what we have today. Along with the inventions, new raw materials were being found. Some of these materials led to a substantial expansion in railroads, which led to more factories being opened in the North and more plantations being put in the South. Although this led to increased employment opportunities, it also led to vile working conditions. However, there were many young women that spoke out against the factory conditions and slaves that fought for freedom and equal rights. The Industrial Revolution in America, which peaked from 1870 to 1914, changed how the country did many things from the beginning to now. The Industrial was kick started when Samuel Sl ater brought manufacturing technologies from the United Kingdom to the United States. He founded the first cotton mill, which was powered by water. This confined the industrial companies to the North. Since that led to most of the industries being in the North, many new way of transportation popped up. This fueled trading and income for the United States. Many inventions were made to help improve the peoples everyday lives. The combination of iron and steel resulted in more railroads being built,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of The Industrial Revolution On America1890 Words   |  8 PagesEffects of the Industrial Revolution in America As new resources and raw materials were found in the 1800’s, new inventions, such as, the telephone, Model-T Ford, and the light bulb were being produced. Throughout the Industrial Revolution in America, many useful inventions were created and these changed the United States into what we have today. 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Starbucks Background free essay sample

Starbucks Corporation Company background Starbucks Corporation  is an American global coffee company and  coffeehouse chain  based in  Seattle Washington. Starbucks is the largest  coffeehouse company in the world. Starbucks Corporation has total 17,651 stores in 60 countries in the world. Starbucks sells  Handcrafted Beverages such as drip brewed coffee, hot and iced espresso beverages, Frappuccino ® coffee and non? coffee blended beverages, smoothies and Tazo ® teas. Besides that, Starbucks also sells Fresh Food such as coffee beans, salads, hot and cold sandwiches a, sweet pastries, snacks. Starbucks also provide Merchandise such as Coffee? and tea? brewing equipment, mugs, accessories, and packaged goods. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and  Hear Music  brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the companys products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand  ice cream and coffee are also offered at  Grocery store. Nowadays the chairman and CEO of Starbucks Corporation is Howard Mark Schultz. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Background or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first Starbucks opened in 1971  in Seattle’s historic Pike Place Market. Howard joined Starbucks in 1982. After a year Howard traveled to Italy and became fascinated with the romance of the coffee experience and Italian coffee bars. He had a vision to bring the Italian coffeehouse tradition back to the United States. He left Starbucks for a short period of time to start his own coffeehouses Il Giornale and returned in August 1987 to purchase Starbucks with the help of local investors. Berjaya Starbucks Coffee Company Sdn Bhd is jointly owned by Starbucks Coffee International and Berjaya Corporation Berhad. The company operates Starbucks stores throughout  Malaysia  and is committed to offering the world’s finest coffee while enriching Malaysians’ lives one cup at a time. The first Starbucks store in  Malaysia opened on 17 December 1998 at KL Plaza in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. To date, the company has  over 115 stores  all over Malaysia.